Trimming mechanism for sewing machines



June 16, 1953 'F w. BRE'UL 2,642,020

TRIMMING MECHANISM FOR SEWING MACHINES Filed Jan. 25, 1950 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 IN VEN TOR.

H'edric M Brawl BY WITNESS: g 1 77/%Z%w% ATTORNEY June 16, 1953 F. w. BREUL 2,642,020

TRIMMING MECHANISM FOR SEWING MACHINES Filed Jan. 25, 1950 l 7 4 Sheets-Sheet 2 10 1a? 101 INVENTQR.

fledric Z0. Brawl I WITNESS: LLZ 7% 3? ATTORNEY June 16, 1953 F. w. BREUL TRIMMING MECHANISM FOR SEWING mamas 4 Sheets-sheet 3 Filed Jan. 25, 1950 IN VEN TOR. Fi-edric M Brawl ATTORNEY Filed Jan; 25, 1950 June 16,1953 F. w.' BREUL t v 2,542,020

TRIMMING MECHANISM FOR SEWING MACHINES I 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 mumm- 41a &

INVENTOR. fiedra 'Zll. .Brewb,

WITNESS:@ 4,] I 77/ 9% ATTORNEY Patented June 16, 1953 UNITED srArss TRIMMING. MECHANISM FOR SEWING MACHINES Fredric W. Breul, Bridgeport, Conn., assignor to The Singer Manufacturing Company, Elizabeth, N. J., a corporation of New Jersey Application January 25, 1950, Serial No. 140,481

11 Claims. (Cl. 112-127) 1 This invention relates to trimming mechanisms'for sewing machines, and has for its primary object the provision of an improved mechanism for trimming the marginal edges of a plurality of superposed plies of material each at a difierent distance from the line of stitch formation.

A common application of this type of trimmed edge involves a later operation of folding the wider marginal edge about the narrower edge and then securing both edge portions to one of the plies of material as by an additional line of stitchin so as to produce a neat and strong scam in which each of the trimmed edges is concealed. My invention comprehends mechanism adapted to be associated with a sewing machine for producing the trimmed margina1 edge of the above character in a novel and improved manner.

It is an object of this invention to provide a sewing machine with a new and improved arrangement for supporting and actuating a plurality of trimming elements with each blade disposed to cut at a different distance laterally of the line of stitch formation. 1

Afurther object of this invention is to provide an improved fabric controlling means fordirecting a plurality of superposed plies of fabric to the stitching point of a sewing machine and past a plurality oftrimming plates that are disposed to cut at difierent distances from the line of stitch formation, whereby the plies of material will be trimmed to different marginal widths as they are being stitched together.

"Still another object of this invention is to provide trimming mechanism of the above character which will consistently produce accurately trimmed edges of narrower marginal width than has been heretofore possible.

-With these and other objects in view, as will hereinafter appear, the invention comprises the devices, combinations and arrangements of parts hereinafter described in connection with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate a selected embodiment of the invention and in which:

Fig. 1 is a front elevational view of a portion of a sewing machine, partly in section, having; my invention applied thereto;

.Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 2-2 of Fig. 1; showing the cutter mounting details;

. Fig. 3 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 3--3 of Fig.1;

4 is an enlarged fragmentary view also taken substantially along line 33 of Fig. 1,

' needle I8.

2 showing the trimmer mechanism in its inoperative or throw-out position;

Fig; 5 is a plan view of a portion of'the workplate of the sewing machine having m invention applied thereto;

Fig. 6 is a perspective View of my invention, with certain of the parts in section and others removed to best illustrate the passage of the fabric through the device; I

Fig. 7 is a side elevational view of a portion of the trimming mechanism taken substantially along line l-! of Fig. 1;

Fig. 8 is a sectional view taken substantially along line 88 of Fig. "7; and

Fig. 9 represents a disassembled perspective view of the ledger blade securing block.

In the drawings, the invention is illustrated as applied to a sewingmachine having a bed-plate l0, to the upper surface of which is secured a throat-plate [I provided with openings to accommodate a feed-dog I2. A portion of the sewing machine frame is shown in Fig. 1 including an overhanging arm 13 having a hollow head i l formed at the outer extremity thereof. The head 14 is formed in its lower portion to provide an open-bottom housing i5 shaped to accommodate a portion of the actuating connections of the hereinafter described trimming mechanism. Journaled in the overhanging arm I3 is a main shaft I6 which is provided with suitable driving connections (not shown) for reciprocating a needle-bar I7 which is slidably journaled in the head Id, and carries at its lower extremity a Also journaled in the sewing head I4 is the usual spring-loaded presser-bar H3.

The selected embodiment of my invention is adapted to trim the marginal edges of superimposed plies of material to two unequal marginal widths. To this end, two trimming knives 20, 30 are employed, both carried by a single carriermember 48 upon which the knives are supported for independent lateral and vertical adjustment in a manner to be described presently. The rearward knife 20 is provided with a vertical slot 2| to receive a pair of fastening screws 2222 which secure the knife to a vertical arm 23 of an angle bracket 24. The bracket 24 is provided with a horizontal arm '25 which is offset forwardly of the vertical arm 23, as clearly shown in Fig. 2, and is rectangular in crosssection so as to entera correspondingly shaped shallow groove ll formed in the carrier-member Mi.

The shank of the forward knife 30 is slotted 32-3.2 which secure the knife to a vertical arm 3 33 of an angle bracket 34 in the same manner as that of the rearward knife 20. The bracket 34 is formed with a horizontal arm 35 which is offset rearwardly from the vertical arm 33 and has a shallowgroove 36 providing a seat for the horizontal arm 25. The horizontal arms 25 and 35 are each provided with elongated apertures 2! and 3.1 respectively, the apertures being :disposed to register one with the other so as to provide passage for a fastening screw 38 which is threaded into the carrier-member 40. As best illustrated in Fig. 3, the rectangular zarm 25,1by entering both the groove 4| of the carrier member 4 and the groove 36 of thehorizontalarm 35 serves to lock both of the angle brackets and the carrier-member securely together when the screw 38 is tightened. It will be appreciated that the apertures 21 and 31 permita-wide range of lateral adjustment of the position of either knife independently of the other; while the slots 21 and. 3| provide .for ,a similar independent vertical adjustmentof knife position. "It will .be noted that the horizontal arms '25 and 3 are offsetin opposite directions from their corresponding vertical arms 23 and 33rthus providing a tandem or fixed spaced relationship between thetrimmer knives in the direction of the line of feed.

The knife carrier member M1 is journaled for vertical reciprocation on guide rods :50 and "60 which depend vertically from "thehead 1.4 of the sewing machine. Therod 5D "is "cylindrical and is secured to the head-preferably bya' force fit, while the rod 60 is formed with paralleltslabbed surfaces -61 and -62 andis'securedinthe headby means of a set screw 63. Provided at one side of the carrier-member 40 is 'a vertical 'tubular sleeve 42 which is freely journaled on the cylindrical rod 50. Extending horizontally from "the vertical sleeve-42 at-a'-poi-nt-abovethe groove 4|, is a horizontal arm -43. The free -'extremity of the arm 43 is bifurcated-as 'at 44 and adapted to slidingly embrace the slabbed'surfaces 61 and B2 of the guide rod 60 to' prevent angular movement of the-carrier-member. A screw 45*is provided in the arm 43 for adjusting-the bifurcated portion 44 to a snug sliding fit-on the rod 60.

It will be -understood that during operation of sewing machines of the type disclosed in the drawings, a fine spray or "mist -of lubricant 'is ordinarily set up within the hollow frame and serves as a means for lubricating the mechanism therein. In order to make available this source of lubrication to the sliding surfaces betweenthe carrier-member 40 and the--guide'-rods50and30, the rods .at their upperextremities are formed'to extend -.well within the sewing head 14 and as shown in Ffig. 13 :are each provided with'an-a'xial lubricant conducting bore -54-'and -64 respectively, and radial ports 155-3116. 65 respectively for directing the lubricant to the surfaces requiring lubrication. -:Since the rods extend upwardly into the sewing "head, .lubricant settling in the bottomof thehead is prevented fromflooding or draining freely onto .the trimming mechanism.

.Reciprocatory movement is imparted to -the two trimmer bladeszfrom;an:eccentric on the main shaft of the machine through a 'me- Charlical l a e Which-includes a means for-rendering the trimmer mechanism inoperative at the will of thenperator.

The trimmer actuating mechanism comprises pivotally carried by the pin 12 at the extremity of the rock-arm 13, is the upper link 16 of a toggle connection, which link is formed at its lower extremity with a clevis H. A pin 18, secured in the clevis by means of a set screw 19, pivotally connects the clevis with a knuckle which is formed ..on link 8.! of the toggle. The link' 8l is, in turn, pivotedto thefhorizontal arm 43 of the carrier-member 40 by a pin 82.

The link BI is provided with a hand lever 83 by which the toggle connection may be manual- .ly :turned about "the pivot-pin 82 so as to move *the actuating mechanism either into operative or inoperative position. When the hand lever 83 .is moved ,downwardly the trimmer actuating mechanism is moved into operative position as shown in Fig. 3. In this position the links 16 and 8P1 are in substantially vertical alignment as .determined by a stop lug 81 which is formed on the knuckle 80. The links are held against accidental movement out of vertical alignment by 'a spring loaded plunger 84 which is carried in 'a'bore 85 'ofithe clevis 1'1 andgis adaptedto enter 'a hollow '86 in the knuckle '80 to lock the toggle and to form,:in effect, a single unbroken link to transmit the motion of the eccentric :10 tothe trimmerearrier member 40.

When the link 8.! is manually rotated in "a clockwise direction by the "hand lever '83 into the inoperative position as shown in Fig. 4,'the plunger *8'4 is thereby forced out of the hollow "86 'and the knuckle -80 and clevis -H will also *bemotated with-respect toeach other sotha't the linksl'lli and 8! assume an angular relationship. This movement of the actuating mechanism "causes the carrier -mem-ber "40 to be lifted along the guide-rods-'50 and B'Uso-thatthe trimming knives 20 and 30 are raised to inoperative position. Since the links T6 and BI are unlocked *from the aligned operative position, further operation of the machine results 'in slight angular movement tor these links rather than "reciprocation of :.the trimming knives. When placed in inoperative position, the knives are retained against :accidental downward movement during the above described slight angularmovement of the links by means of -a a detent which preferably comprises .a spring clip '90 secured to the sewing head and formed -to :enter a notch 91 in the sleeve :42 .of the carrier member 40.

5A s-cover 595 .is provided to substantially close the eopenbottom of-the'housing l5 and to afford suiiicient clearan'ce forthe-operation of the link l6 ofithettrimmertogglelinks as clearly shownin Fig. 1. The coverfiiis secured to the machineby means *of a 'tknurled thumb screw 96 which is threaded'zinto thezextremityof the stud shaft 14.

Referring inzparticularfto Fig-'5, that portion ofmy'invention which'is carried by-the bed-plate I0 of the sewing-,machinewillnow bedescribed.

The bedplate :is :formed with the usual opening [00, a portion of whichis .covered by the throat plate H, which is secured .in position across the opening L00 by fastening screws 1M and has a :needle-aperture [.02. Adjacent the throat-plate Ii, a. block'| ll3 (Figs. 7 and?!) spans the-:Qpening I00. At-one side of the'block ['03, a forwardly projecting arm I04 extends beneath the bed-plate and is-formed at itsextremity-with an upstanding rib -.-l 05 which is adapted :toenter a confining groove J06 formediperpendicular tqithe line of feed in the under surface lOfithe bed-plate L0. bolt 101, which extends'through a clearance hole in the bed-plateand also through a laterally elongated slot 1 D8 in the arm 04 is used r 5 to secure the block I03 to the bed -plate'. Itwill be understoodthat the groove I06 and rib I05 maintain the block in parallel relationship with the lineof feed while the elongated slot I08 permits lateral adjustment of the position of the block toward or awayfromthe throat-plate. At it other extremity, the block I03 rests upon the top surface of the bed-plate I and may be secured in any desiredposition of lateral adjustment by a clamp memberIOQ which is secured on the bed-plate by the fastening screw H0. The block I03, on its top surface is provided with a concave depression III and is formed'to receive in the preferred embodiment a unitary ledger blade II2 which is secured to the block by fastening screws I I 3-'I I3. The unitary ledger blade is formed with stepped cutting edges III and H5, each edge being disposed. at a different distance from the line of stitch formation, so as to have predetermined spaced lateral; relationship.

In adjusting the mechanism for a particular trimming operation, a ledger. blade II2 having the desired lateral relationship between cutting edges H4 and II5 is selected andsecured to the block I03 with screws II3-II3. By loosening the screw H0 of the clamping member I09 and the bolt I07, the positionof the'block I03 is adjusted laterallyof the line of feed until the cutting edges H4 and H5 are disposed at the desired distances fro'm the needle aperture I02 in the throat-plate IL The knives 20 and 30 must then be adjusted to correspond with theledger blade position. This is done first by loosening screw 38 on the carrier member 40 so that the angle brackets 24 and 34 may each be independently adjusted laterally of the line of feed, whereby the knife 20 on angle bracket 24 may be vertically aligned with the ledger blade edge II4 to provide a shearing relationship, and knife 30 similarly. adjusted. with respect to. edge H5, at which timethe screw 38 i tightened. Next, each knife may be shifted vertically with respect to the angle bracket upon which it is carried by loosening the screws 22-22 for knife 20 and screws 32-32 for knife 30. It will be appreciated that the above described construction provides, in addition, a means for adjusting the knife position to compensate for wear, etc.

Referring again to the parts of this invention which are supported on the bed-plate and particularly to Fig. 3, it will be apparent that the top surface of the ledger blade block I03, the clamp member I09 and the throat plate. II are disposed at a common elevation higher than that of the bed-plate I0. In order to provide a continuous fiat worksupporting surface, a slide plate I I6 and work supporting plates II! and H0 are also disposed on the bed-plate at the elevation of the aforementioned members. The work supporting plates I I! and I I8 are secured to the bed-plate by means of fastening screws I I9 which pass through elongated slots I20 in the plates to provide for adjustment of the positions of the plates to accommodate any change in the position of the ledger blade carrying block I03. 7

To properly introduce the work into the trimming mechanism, edge guides I25 and I26 of usual construction, one for each of the plies of fabric to be trimmed, are disposed one above the knives'20'and 30. The usual needle hole I 5| is provided in the presser-foot, as well as a work inspection aperture I5I. The presser-foot I50 is pivoted to a shank member I52 adapted to be secured upon the lower extremity of the presserbar I9 by a screw I53. A wire spring I54, anchored to the shank I52 and bearing upon the presser-foot I50 serves to bias the forward portion of the presser-foot into contact with the work.

The means for directing the plies of fabric through the trimming mechanism each to the proper trimming knife, as best illustrated in the perspective view Fig. 6, will now be described.

Rigidly secured to the front and rear of the presser-foot I50 and extending the entire length thereof, is a ply-deflecting member indicated generally as 200. This ply deflector 200 is preferably formed of sheet metal and is provided with inturned arms 20I and 202 by which it is welded or otherwise rigidly secured to the front and rear portions respectively of the presser-foot soleplate. A vertically disposed ply-deflecting fin 203, spaced slightly from the presser-foot, extends forwardly from the rear inturned arm 202 betweenthe line of stitch formation and the rear trimming knife 20 to a point slightly in advance of the rear trimming knife. Atits forward extrernity, -the deflecting fin 203 is formed with a vertical leading edge 204 which is curved away from the line of stitch formation. The bottom edge of the fin 203 curves upwardly toward the rear forming at the juncture of the fin and the rear inturned arm 202, an opening 205 through which the deflected ply may pass beyond the deflector. I

A flat horizontal strip 206, disposed substantially at the level of the bottom of the presserfoot, extends from the bottom of the leading edge 204 of the fin 203 to a point forwardly of the front trimming knife 30. At its forward extremity, the strip 206 branches laterally in both directions to form at one side a ply separating finger 201 which is disposed in front of the presser-foot. At the side opposite the ply separating finger 20'! the strip 205 is formed with an outwardly extending portion 208 which supports at its outer extremity, the inturned arm 20I by which the front portion of the deflector is secured to the presser-foot.

Themode of operation of my improved trimmer mechanism is best described with reference to the perspective view, Fig. 6, in which only two plies of material A and B are shown, each being trimmed to a different marginal width. The directional arrow indicates the direction of feed of the work and the line of stitch formation is indicated at S. Each of the two superposed plies of material, A and B, are directed toward the presser-foot I50 in flat, horizontally extended position, with their untrimmed marginal edges maintained substantially parallel and in vertical alignment by means of the edge-guides I25 and I26. Before entering beneath the presser-foot, the plies A and B are directed one on either side of the ply separating finger 201; the ply A passing above, and the ply B below the finger. The strip'206 of the deflector 200, which extends rearwardly from the ply separating finger 20'! is therefore also disposed between the plies A and B. It will be apparent that the plies of material will not be disturbed appreciably by the presence of the ply separating finger 201 or the strip 206 since these elements are relatively thin and are dis".

,. posed in substantially :parallelism :with ?the line of travel of I the 'f abri'c.

The action of the i'feed-dog 1 2 advances both of the plies in n'ormally extended:position to "the front trimming knife 30, which trims both of the plies to the-same marginal width. As the plies are moved beyond the front trimming knife 30 and are stitched together along the line 'of'stitch formation s, the upper ply-A is deflected upwardly by the vertical leading edge 204 of the deflecting fin '2fl3, -thereby exposing the lower --Dly B in its-flat normally extended position. The fin 203 maintains the-ply A in vertically deflected :position 'outo'fthepath of the rear trimming knife 20 so that the knife 20, being disposed to trim closerto the line of stitchformation-S'than -the blade :30, trims the lower ply B to anarrower marginal width than that of plyA. The opening 205 at the "bottom of the fin 20-3, permits the marginal portion of the ply A to pass beyond the deflector 2 I10.

It is again'pointed out that each-of the-plies, prior to being trimmed, is disposed in normally extended position, so that an accurate and even is trimmed on each-ply in a positive manner, without requiring complicated Work controlling mechanism. Furthermore, the manner in which the ply A-is defiected outof the path of the rear trimming bIade ZO is not critical to theaccuracy or consistency of the final :trimmed edge and, therefore, the curve of the leading edge 204 of the deflecting fin2il3 may be a relatively gradual one so as=to minimizethe frictional drag that is exerted upon the wor-k.

Although the operation of my improved trimming mechanism has been described above in connection With only two superimposediplies of material, it will be understood thata greater number of plies may be trimmed simutaneously; the Width to which the additional 'plies ofmaterial will be trimmed depending uponwhich side of the plyseparating finger 291 the additionalply is directed. If directed under the ply-separating finger as is the ply B, it will be trimmed to the marginal widthequal to that of1ply B. If, however, the additional ply is directed over'the finger 261, as is :ply A, it Will follow the course of ply A through the trimming mechanism and, consequently, Will 'be trimmed to a marginal Width equal to that of ply A.

It is understood that the 'illustratedand described preferred embodiment of my invention-is capable of modification, and I therefore do not Wish to be limited to the precise details set forth, but desire to availmyselfof all changes 'of modifications coming Within'the scope of the invention asdefined in the following claims.

Having thus set forththe nature of the invention, what I claim herein is:

:1. A multi-ply trimming mechanism for sewing machines having stitch-forming instrumentalities and work feeding means, comprising a first trimming device arranged to cut in aplane. spaced from the normal line of stitch formation of said sewing machine, a second trimming device disposed reaiwardly of and arranged .to cut in a plane onset laterally from the plane of saidlfirst trimming device,,and a ply deflector having .aplyengaging surface arranged parallel to 'thewplane of action of said second trimming device, said surface having a leading edge portion disposed between saidfirst and second trimming devices.

2. In a sewing machine having stitch-forming instrumentalities including a needle and a'workfeeding device adapted to produc a ime -=of defiecting member disposed *between said second trimming device andsaid line of stitch formation for removing "oneor more of said plies from the action =of said second trimming 'device.

3. -A multi-ply trimming '-mechanismfor sewingmaohines comprisingaplurality of trimming 'devices- 'disposed t'ocut at different distances from the line of stitchformation of the *sewing machine, *eachpf said-trimming devices including a movable :element and a i stationary element, said movable *elements being adapted to "be actuated simultaneously by a single "actuating mechanism, and'said stationary elements-together forming'a single-ledger member; and-aplydeflecting mem ber fordefiectingone'or more of'the plies out of the 'line of action of certain of said trimming devices.

4.'-I:n-'a seWin g machine, 'a-m'echanism for trimming the-edges of *a plurality of superposed plies of material to unequal margina1 widths as they are being stitched together, said mechanism .comprising a pair oftrimming knives, a single carrier member -for both of said knives, actuating mechanism for imparting operative movement .to said carrier-member, --'a single "ledger blade having a pair or cutting surfaces disposed "to "coact with said *trimmingknives-and 'a deflector adapted to move 'one 'or more ofsaid plies "fr0m "the action of one Ofsaid'trimming knives.

5. 'In a sewingmachine-a mechanism 'fortrimming-the edges of 'a plurality of superposed plies of material to "unequal-marginalwidths as they are being stitched'together, said'mechanism comprising a :pair of "cutting 'surfa'ces fixed 'on the sewing machine in spaced relationship in the di- 7 rection of feed and 'at different distances .from

the line "of stitch-formation, :said fixed cutting surfaces "being disposed "beneath an of the plies of material as theyare being stitched; aipair .of trimming knives, 'a 'oarrier-amember, means lincluding a pair of 'supporting'brackets for adjusta'bly "securing 'said knivesito said carrier-member each in position to coact with :one ofisaid fixed cutting surfaces,"actuatingmechanism for impartingpperative movementto said carrier-member; and-a deflector adapted to move certain of said plies from the action of one of said'trimming-knives.

6,. In asewin g machine, ame'c'hanism for trimmingthe edges :of :a'plurality o'f superposed plies of materialto 'unegualmarginal widths as they are*b'eingstitchedztogether, said mechanism comprising a'presser 'foot; a'pair of trimming devices disposed atoneside of 'said presser-foot substantially "in tandem *relationshipin the direction .of feed of the sewing machine, 'said'trimming .devicesarranged to each'cut at a diiferent distance from the *line of stitch'formation; and a ply deflecting member carried by said'presserefoot,.said ply deflecting member including a ply separating finger disposed in front of and "substantially at the level of the bottom of =said presser-foot,and a p'ly deflecting fin adapted to deflect those plies separated by saidply separating finger out of the line of action of one of said-trimmer devices.

'7 ,Irra sewingmachinea mechanism for trimmlng the edges of a plurality of superposed plies of material to unequal marginal widths, said -mechanism comprising a movable cutting member; a stationary cutting member cooperating with said movable cutting member; more than one cutting surface formed on each of said members, the cutting surfaces of each member spaced apart laterally of the line of stitch formation of the sewing machine, the cutting surfaces of one of said members being adjustable laterally with respect to each other, the other of said cutting members having cutting surfaces permanently fixed thereon, said sewing machine being formed to receive said last named cutting member for read replacement with a cutting member having a different lateral spacing between the cutting surfaces thereon; and a ply deflecting member for removing one or more of said plies from the action of one or more of said cutting surfaces.

8. In a sewing machine trimming mechanism for severing more than one ply of fabric, a plurality of trimming devices disposed to operate on the fabric plies in seriatim, said trimming devices comprising movable knives adapted to be actuated simultaneously, a single actuating mechanism therefor, and stationary cutting elements 10. In a sewing machine having feeding means, a mechanism for trimming a plurality of plies of fabric comprising, a plurality of trimming devices disposed substantially in tandem with respect to the normal direction of feed, said trimming devices including complemental movable elements and stationary elements, said stationary elements being disposed at the same side of all of the plies passing through said sewing machine, means for reciprocating said movable elements from the opposite side of the plies into ply-severing relation with said stationary elements, and a stationary ply-deflecting member having at least a portion disposed immediately in advance of one of said trimming devices with respect to said normal direction of feed to deflect less than all of the plies out of the line of action of said last mentioned trimming device.

11. A multi-pl trimming mechanism for sewing machines having stitch-forming instrumentalities and work-feeding means, comprising a plurality of knives supported for movement in spaced vertical planes at one side of said stitchforming instrumentalities and arranged to cut in seriatim in relation to the direction of feed, and a ply-deflecting member having a continuous work-engaging surface including a horizontally arranged ply-separating portion and a vertically disposed ply-deflecting fin extending between said stitch-forming instrumentalities and that vertical plane of knife movement closest to said stitch-forming instrumentalities.

FREDRIC W. BREUL.

References Cited in the file of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,521,626 Hughes Jan. 6, 1925 2,475,759 Seaman July 12, 1949 

